距今年代
135亿年物质和能量出现。物理学的开始。
原子和分子出现。化学的开始。
45亿年地球形成。
38亿年有机生物形成。生物学的开始。
600万年人类和黑猩猩最后的共同祖先。
250万年非洲的人属开始演化。出现最早的石器。
200万年人类由非洲传播到欧亚大陆。
演化为不同人种。
50万年尼安德特人在欧洲和中东演化。
30万年开始日常用火。
20万年智人在东非演化。
7万年认知革命。出现能够描述虚拟故事的语言。
历史学的开始。智人传播至非洲之外。
4.5万年智人抵达澳大利亚。澳大利亚巨型动物绝种。
3万年尼安德特人绝种。
1.6万年智人抵达美洲。美洲巨型动物绝种。
1.3万年弗洛里斯人绝种。智人成为唯一存活的人类物种。
1.2万年农业革命。驯化动植物。
出现永久聚落。
5000年出现最早的王国、文字和金钱。多神教信仰。
4250年出现最早的帝国：萨尔贡大帝的阿卡德帝国。
2500年出现最早的硬币：通用的金钱。
波斯帝国：普世的政治秩序（“为全人类的福祉而努力”）。
印度佛教：普世的真理（“让所有人类解脱痛苦”）。
2000年中国汉帝国。地中海罗马帝国。基督教。
1400年伊斯兰教。
500年科学革命。人类承认自己的无知，开始取得前所未有的能力。
欧洲人开始征服美洲和各大洋。整个地球形成单一历史场域。资本主义兴起。
200年工业革命。家庭和社群被国家和市场取代。动植物大规模绝种。
现在人类脱离了地球的疆域。
核武器威胁人类的生存。
生物开始越来越由智慧设计形塑，而非自然选择。
未来智慧设计成为生命的基本原则？
智人被超人类取代？
参考数据
地图
1. 智人征服全球。
2. 农业革命的时间和地点。
3. 公元1450年的地球。
4. 基督教和伊斯兰教的传播。
5. 佛教的传播。
6. 西班牙入侵时的阿兹特克和印加帝国。
1. 雪维洞穴的人类手印。? Imagebank/Gettyimages Israel
2. 鲁道夫人、直立人和尼安德特人的现代样貌重建图。? Visual/Corbis
3. 尼安德特男孩样貌重建图。?Anthro- pologisches Institut und Museum, Universit?t Zürich
4. 德国施泰德洞穴的象牙制“狮人”（或女狮子）雕像。Photo Thomas Stephan, ? Ulmer Museum
5. 标致的狮子商标。Photo: Itzik Yahav
6. 以色列北部一座12000年前的墓穴，有一具年约50岁女性的骨骸，旁边还有一副小狗的骨骸。Photo:The Prehistoric Man Museum,
Kibbutz Ma’ayan Baruch
7. 拉斯科洞穴大约15000~20000年前的一幅壁画。? Visual/Corbis
8. 阿根廷“手洞”大约公元前7000年的手印。? Visual/Corbis
9. 埃及墓穴壁画，描绘典型的农业景象。? Visual/Corbis
10. 哥贝克力石阵的巨大结构遗迹。Photographs by Deutsches Arch?o-logisches Institut ?
11. 公元前1200年的埃及坟墓壁画：有一对牛在耕田。 ? Visual/Corbis
12. 一头现代的牛。Photo: Anonymous for Animal Rights ?
13. 来自古城乌鲁克（Uruk）大约公元前3400~3000年的泥板，记载着当时的行政文书。? The Sch?yen Collection, Oslo and London, MS
1717. http://www.schoyencollection.com/
14.12世纪的安第斯文化结绳语。? The Sch?yen Collection, Oslo and London, MS 718. http://www.schoyencollection.com/
15. 法国国王路易十四王室肖像。? Réunion des musées nationaux / Gérard Blot.
16. 美国总统奥巴马官方照片。? Visual/Corbis
17. 朝圣者绕行着位于麦加圣寺内的卡巴圣堂。 ? Visual/Corbis
18. 孟买的贾特拉帕蒂·希瓦吉火车站。Photograph by fish-bone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Terminus,_Mumbai.jpg
19. 泰姬玛哈陵。Photo: Guy Gelbgisser Asia Tours.
20. 一幅纳粹的宣传海报。Library of Congress, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of
Roland Klemig ?
21. 一幅纳粹的漫画。Photograph by Boaz Neumann. From Kladderadatsch 49 (1933), p. 7.
22. 新墨西哥阿拉莫戈多，1945年7月16日，早上5点29分53秒。? Visual/Corbis
23. 1459年欧洲人的世界地图。? British Library Board, Shelfmark Add. 11267.
24. 1525年的萨尔瓦提世界地图。? Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Ms. Laur. Med. Palat. 249 (mappa Salviati)
25. 商业化养鸡场输送带上的小鸡。Photo: Anonymous for Animal Rights ?
26. 哈洛实验。? Photo Researchers / Visualphotos.com
27. 在这只老鼠背上，科学家用牛软骨细胞让它长出一只“耳朵”。Photograph by Charles Vacanti ?
28. 杰西·沙利文和克劳迪亚·米切尔握手。? Imagebank/Gettyimages Israel
尾注
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18 Timothy F. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples (Port Melbourne, Vic.: Reed
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20 John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’, Science, 292:5523 (2001), 1893-96;
O’Connel and Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul’, 400-1.
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Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, ed. T. Douglas Price and Anne Birgitte Gebauer (Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American
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24 本地图主要参考： Peter Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies (Malden: Blackwell Pub., 2005).
25 Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 130-131; Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body
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26 Katherine A. Spielmann, ‘A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality’,
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Ecology at Twenty Five’, Evolutionary Anthropology 9:2 (2000), 51-72.
27 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.), Infant and Child Mortality in the Past (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
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28 Manfred Heun et al., ‘Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprints’, Science 278:5341 (1997), 1312-14.
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milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dat aid=cow.htm
31 Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People (Oxford:
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32 Johannes Nicolaisen, Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen: National Museum, 1963), 63.
33 Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and
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http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
34 Robert B. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
2002), 24.
35 Raymond Westbrook, ‘Old Babylonian Period’, in A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, ed. Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill,
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Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary (London: T & T Clark International, 2000).
36 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.
37 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 121.
38 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 122-23.
39 Roth, Law Collections, 133-34.
40 Constance Brittaine Bouchard, Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France (New York: Cornell
University Press, 1998), 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin, ‘Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries’, in
Medieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children, ed. Carol Neel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 81 n. 81;
Lise E. Hull, Britain's Medieval Castles (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.
41 Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K.
Englung, Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, London: The
University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.
42 Marcia and Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas-Code of the Quipu (New York: Dover Publications, 1981).
43 Gary Urton. Signs of the Inka Khipu (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw. A History of the Khipu (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2010).
44 Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004),
222.
45 Sheldon Pollock, ‘Axialism and Empire’, in Axial Civilizations and World History, ed. Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Bj.rn
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46 Harold M. Tanner, China: A History (Indianapolis: Hackett, Pub. Co., 2009), 34.
47 Ramesh Chandra, Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005); Michael Bamshad et al., ‘Genetic
Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population’, Genome Research 11 (2001): 904-1004; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India
from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
48 Houston, First Writing, 196.
49 The Secretary-General, United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against
Women, delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (July 6, 2006), 89.
50 Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 113-29, 132-33.
51 Francisco López de Gómara, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Caba.es (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro
Robredo, 1943), 106.
52 Andrew M. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, Economic History Review 20:1 (1967), 11-12; Jasim Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliográfico
del Islam (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.
53 Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, 17-18.
54 David Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House, 2011).
55 Glyn Davies, A History of Money: from Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), 15.
56 Szymon Laks, Music of Another World, trans. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1989), 88-89. 奥斯维辛集中
营的“市场”仅限于部分阶级的囚犯，而且在不同时期的差异非常大。
57 Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.
58 关于麦元的信息，我参考了一本未出版的博士论文：Refael Benvenisti, Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the
Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 2011). 并请参见：Norman Yoffee, ‘The
Economy of Ancient Western Asia’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. J. M. Sasson (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1995),
1387-99; R. K. Englund, ‘Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals’, in Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization, and the
Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East, ed. Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch (Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2004), 21-46;
Marvin A. Powell, ‘A Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia prior to the Invention of Coinage’, in Festschrift Lubor Matou., ed. B.
Hru.ka and G. Komoróczy (Budapest: E.tv.s Loránd Tudományegyetem, 1978), 211-43; Marvin A. Powell, ‘Money in Mesopotamia’, Journal of
the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 39:3 (1996), 224-42; John F. Robertson, ‘The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient
Mesopotamian Temples’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443-500; M. Silver, ‘Modern Ancients’, in Commerce and
Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction, ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph (Stuttgart: Steiner,
2004), 65-87; Daniel C. Snell, ‘Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed.
Sasson, 1487-97.
59 Nahum Megged, The Aztecs (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.
60 Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 30 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 220-21.
61 A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution (Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press,
1983), p. 10.
62 Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC)’, Historia 15 (1995),
54 [Hebrew].
63 Alexander Yakobson, ‘Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate’, in On
Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Doron Mendels (Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23-24.
64 W.H.C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 2008), 536-37.
65 Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 424.
66 Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen -Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer Jungen (Halle: Hermann Schroedel
Verlag, 1942), 152-57.
67 Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
68 David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 344-45; Angus Maddison,
The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical
Estimates of World Population’, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010,
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
69 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 261.
70 "Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf
71 Christian, Maps of Time, 141.
72 当代最大的货轮能够承载大约10万吨的货物。在1470年，全球舰队船队加起来，承载量也不超过32万吨。到了1570年，总承载量已达
到73万吨。(Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).
73 全球规模最大的银行，苏格兰皇家银行（Royal Bank of Scotland），于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元，是1500年全球总产值的五倍。
参见 ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010.
http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-
81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf
74 Ferguson, Ascent of Money, 185-98.
75 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 31; Wrigley, English Population History, 295; Christian, Maps of Time, 450, 452; ‘World Health
Statistic Report 2009’, 35-45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.
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92 这里举的面包店例子在计算上经过简化，并非完全精确。因为银行金库中每存有1元就能贷出10元，如果银行现在有100万美元的存
款，其实只能贷出约909000美元，而必须将91000美元留在金库里。但为了方便读者理解，我还是决定将数字简化。此外，银行也并不总是遵
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112 若想从心理和生化两种层面来讨论快乐，以下著作是很好的出发点：Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis:Finding Modern
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